1. Water Content
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where ,
Ww = Weight of water
Ws = Weight of solids
Note – There can be no upper limit to water content i.e. w≥0
2. Void Ratio
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where ,
Vv = Volume of voids
Vs = Volume of solids
Note – though size of individual void of coarse grained soil is more , total volume of voids in fine grained soil is more
in general case there is no upper limit for void ratio . i.e. e>0
3. Porosity
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where ,
Vv = Volume of voids
V = Total Volume of soil
Note – 1. Porosity cannot exceed 100% i.e. 0<n<100
2. in comparison to porosity , void ratio is more frequently used because volume of solids remains same , whereas total volume changes
4. Degree of Saturation
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where ,
Vw = Volume of water
Vv = Volume of voids
Note – 1. Range of Degree of saturation. 0≤S≤100
2. For perfectly dry soil – S=0
3. For Fully saturated soil – S=100%
4. Air Content
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where ,
Va = Volume of air
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where Sr = Degree of saturation
5. Percentage Air Void
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where ,
Va = Volume of air
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5. Unit Weight
(A) Bulk unit Weight (γ)
Bulk unit weight is total weight per unit volume
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(B) Dry Unit Weight (γd)
Dry unit weight is the weight of soil solids per unit volume
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Note – Dry unit weight is used as a measure of denseness of soil . more dry unit weight means more compacted soil
(C) Saturated Unit weight (γsat)
Saturated unit weight is the ratio of total weight of fully saturated soil sample to its total volume.
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(C) Submerged Unit weight or Buoyant unit weight (γ′)
Submerged unit weight is the ratio of submerged weight of soil solid per unit volume
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